Brasil registra 66 mil novos casos de câncer de mama

148

Riselda Morais

mama

Mamografia é o exame mais indicado para prevenção e o diagnóstico precoce de câncer de mama.

No mundo, mais de 626 mil mulheres morrem anualmente por câncer de mama,
destas 17 mil são brasileiras, segundo a OMS

    De acordo com a OMS, o mundo registra mais de 2 milhões de novos casos de câncer de mama, destes, porém, 66 mil novos casos são registrados no Brasil.
    A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) prevê ainda que haverá um aumento de 40% na mortalidade e na incidência da doença até 2040.  Subindo simultaneamente para 3 milhões de novos casos, ao mesmo tempo que o número de óbitos pode chegar a cerca de 1 milhão.

   Afinal, por ano, já morrem vítimas do câncer de mama, 17 mil mulheres brasileiras e  626  mil mulheres no mundo.
    Segundo a Agência Internacional de Pesquisa sobre o Câncer (IARC) o câncer de mama é atualmente a quinta maior causa de morte por câncer no mundo. Ao mesmo tempo, é também o segundo mais comum entre as mulheres, perde apenas para os tumores malignos de pele não melanoma.
     No Brasil no entanto, o cenário não é diferente.
O câncer de mama representa 29% de todos os tumores nas mulheres, é portanto, mais incidente que o câncer de pulmão,  colo de útero, colorretal e tireoide.

    De acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia, o câncer de mama responde lamentavelmente por 1 em cada 4 tumores, mas o tipo mais comum é o carcinoma.

Tipos de câncer de mama

     Dra. Marina De Brot Andrade, médica patologista da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia (SBP) explica que existem diferentes tipos de câncer de mama.
“O carcinoma de mama é dividido em “in situ” e invasivo. O carcinoma “in situ” tem origem dentro do ducto mamário e não ultrapassa a sua parede”, diz a patologista.

Ela explica ainda que, dessa forma, “o “in situ” não invade o estroma da mama e, por isso, não tem a capacidade de disseminar para outros órgãos e estruturas (metástase)”. 

De acordo com a patologista a taxa de cura nestes casos supera os 90%.
   Enquanto o “carcinoma invasivo, também se origina no ducto. Porém, esse tipo invade o estroma mamário e pode se disseminar para outros órgãos (metástases).
Os dois tipos mais comuns de carcinomas invasivos são o carcinoma ductal invasivo, seguido pelo carcinoma lobular invasivo”, de acordo com a médica.

   Ainda de acordo com a Dra. Marina existem alguns outros carcinomas que são menos comuns: carcinoma tubular, carcinoma cribriforme, carcinoma metaplásico, carcinoma micropapilar, carcinoma adenóide cístico, entre outros.

Veja como reduzir o risco de desenvolver o câncer de mama, segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM).

– Praticar atividade física. Mulheres sedentárias têm maior risco.
– Ter níveis ideias de IMC (peso/altura).
Estar acima do peso ou obesa após a menopausa aumenta o risco em relação às mulheres com peso adequado.

  – É recomendável seguir uma dieta equilibrada, que inclua frutas e hortaliças.
– Não fazer terapia hormonal sem indicação médica.

   Algumas formas de terapia de reposição hormonal (aquelas que incluem estrogênio e progesterona) tomadas durante a menopausa, podem aumentar o risco de câncer de mama quando feitas por mais de cinco anos.
Da mesma forma, a orientação é válida em relação aos contraceptivos orais.
– Ao ter filhos, amamentar.

Primeira gravidez antes dos 30 anos

 As mulheres com história reprodutiva, principalmente com a primeira gravidez antes dos 30 anos, têm menor risco quando comparado as mulheres nulíparas (que não geraram um bebê).

   Ao gerar um filho, portanto, é recomendável amamentar, pois o aleitamento também é redutor de risco de câncer de mama.
– Não beber em excesso. Já que o risco de uma mulher desenvolver câncer de mama aumenta conforme a quantidade de bebida alcoólica que ela ingere.
– Não fumar.

   Embora o cigarro e outras formas de tabagismo sejam a principal causa de câncer, principalmente de pulmão, não há evidência de sua ligação com o desenvolvimento de câncer de mama.

Prevenção

   O exame mais indicado para prevenção, bem como, para o diagnóstico precoce de câncer de mama, é a mamografia, que, segunda a Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia, deve ser feita a partir dos 40 anos nas mulheres sem sintomas.

   Ao contrário do exame físico, a mamografia é capaz de detectar lesões ainda não palpáveis.
    No entanto, o Ministério da Saúde recomenda que a mamografia de rastreamento seja realizada nas mulheres entre 50 e 69 anos, com intervalos de até dois anos.

  Mas a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) recomenda a mamografia anual para as mulheres a partir dos 40 anos.

São fatores de risco:

Envelhecimento
Inevitavelmente, o risco de câncer de mama aumenta com a idade. No entanto, a maioria dos cânceres de mama é diagnosticada após os 50 anos.
História pessoal de câncer de mama
– Mulheres que tiveram câncer de mama são mais propensas a ter câncer de mama pela segunda vez (recidiva). Mas algumas doenças não-cancerígenas da mama, como hiperplasia atípica ou carcinoma lobular in situ, também estão associadas a um maior risco de contrair câncer de mama.

Hereditariedade

   Segundo especialistas, quando se trata de hereditariedade, significa nesse sentido que todo câncer é genético. Muitas vezes, de fato as células se multiplicam de forma desordenada, isto é, entre 5% a 10% dos casos, a doença está associada com alterações genéticas que foram herdadas.
Inegavelmente, trata-se de mutações em genes como BRCA1 e BRCA2.

  Em linhas gerais, o risco de a mulher desenvolver câncer de mama é maior quando:

  • Ela tiver mãe, irmã ou filha (parente de primeiro grau) que teve câncer.
  • Tiver um ou vários membros da família do lado da mãe ou mesmo  do pai que tiveram câncer de mama.
        Nesse sentido, quando identificado esse perfil, a mulher pode ser encaminhada a um geneticista. A partir daí o especialista pode encaminhá-la para um teste genético para investigação de uma possível mutação hereditária.
    História reprodutiva
    – A menarca precoce, ou seja, menstruação antes dos 12 anos, assim como a menopausa tardia, que é o fim do ciclo de menstruação após os 55 anos, expõem as mulheres a hormônios por mais tempo.

Em suma, quanto mais tempo a mulher toma hormônios, maiores são os riscos de ter câncer de mama.

Mamas densas 

    De acordo com os especialistas, algumas mulheres têm mais tecido conjuntivo do que tecido adiposo. Alertam ainda, que isso dificulta a visualização de tumores em uma mamografia.

  Desse modo é fundamental associar outros exames, principalmente ao ultrassom
Radioterapia prévia 

Mulheres que receberam radioterapia no peito ou nos seios, isto é, tratamento do linfoma de Hodgkin antes dos 30 anos de idade, têm um risco maior de desenvolver câncer de mama ao longo da vida.

ATENÇÃO AOS SINTOMAS

   De acordo com os especialista os sintomas do câncer de mama variam de pessoa para pessoa e não há uma definição exata de como é um nódulo ou massa.

  Nesse sentido, é recomendado que a mulher se familiarize com os seios, para que saiba como é a aparência “normal”.
   Se acaso notar alguma alteração, é importante informar imediatamente ao médico.

   Por sua vez, muitos cânceres de mama são encontrados por mamografia antes que qualquer sintoma apareça ou seja palpável.

Principais sintomas do câncer de mama:

– Nódulo único endurecido.
– Irritação ou abaulamento de uma parte da mama.
– Inchaço de toda ou parte de uma mama (mesmo que não se sinta um nódulo).
– Edema (inchaço) da pele.
– Eritema (vermelhidão) na pele.
– Inversão do mamilo.
– Sensação de massa ou nódulo em uma das mamas.
– Sensação de nódulo aumentado na axila.
– Espessamento ou retração da pele ou do mamilo.
– Secreção sanguinolenta ou serosa pelos mamilos.
– Inchaço do braço.

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